| Number | WT/DS593 |
|---|---|
| Year | 2025 |
| Issuing body | World Trade Organization (WTO) |
| Status | In force |
Official text is in Bahasa Indonesia; this is an unofficial English summary prepared by GIMNI. Refer to the official document for legal certainty. Indonesian page.
The 2025 World Trade Organization (WTO) Panel Report WT/DS593/R addresses the dispute between Indonesia and the European Union over EU measures concerning palm oil and oil palm crop-based biofuels. The report examines the EU's renewable energy framework, in particular provisions affecting biofuels produced from food and feed crops, including oil palm. It matters for palm oil and vegetable oil businesses supplying feedstock or biofuels to the EU market.
Key points
- Measures in dispute: three main EU measures — the 7% maximum share for biofuels from food and feed crops, the high ILUC-risk cap and phase-out mechanism, and low ILUC-risk certification.
- Underlying rules: the recast Renewable Energy Directive (RED II) and its implementing regulations, including requirements on renewable energy use in transport and provisions for biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels.
- Key technical issues: direct and indirect land-use change, in particular indirect land-use change (ILUC), which forms the basis for assessing crop-based biofuels.
- Scope of the Panel's examination: Indonesia's claims under the TBT Agreement and GATT 1994, including whether the EU measures are a technical regulation, the use of international standards, necessity for a legitimate objective, and non-discrimination.
- Related national measure: the report also discusses France's TIRIB measure as part of the factual aspects and claims in the dispute.
Who it affects
Palm oil and vegetable oil businesses supplying feedstock or biofuels to the EU market.
Last updated: 13 October 2026